学好英语要从学句子成分和基本句型开始
日期：2022-11-18 13:04 点击：
句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有8种
主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)共八种
学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句和理解文段奠定了基础。
英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
1.They have worked for months and even years.
2.The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
4.Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋双宾语（间接宾语＋直接宾语）
5.Traditional festivals enable usto learn fine Chinese values
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语＋复合宾语（宾语＋补语）
小结：从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语
6.He was seen playing basketball on the playgroundyesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)
1、主语: 说明句子所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语通常由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。EG:
Lucy likes her new car very much. 露西喜欢她的新车。【名词作主语】
He goes to and from schoolby bike every day.他每天都起得很早。(代词作主语)
To learn English wellis a challenge.学好英语是一项挑战性工作。【不定式短语作主语】
2、谓语: 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词充当。例如：
We workhard.我们努力工作。The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。
He islike his father. 他像他父亲。
注意：介词不能作谓语，必须与be动词连用，构成系表结构，一起作谓语。
Music isthe utmost pleasure in life.音乐是人生最大的快乐。
As I take each bite, the sweet and mild flavour of the red bean filling slowly fills my mouth.
3、宾语: 宾语是动作的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当，说明主语做 “什么”。EG:
Tom bought a story-book.汤姆买了一本故事书。【名词作宾语】
I saw him yesterday. 昨天我看到他了。【代词宾语】
He decidedto run away from home. 他决定离家出走。【不定式短语作宾语】
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语；合称双宾语。EG：
I boughtmy sona box of Mark pens last night. 他给了我一些墨水。
Our teacher told usaninteresting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
4、表语：说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”；与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当；用在系动词后面。EG：
I have been an English teacher since I graduated from university.
Terry seems in low spirits today.特瑞今天好像情绪低落。【介词短语】
Tom’s dream has become true already. 汤姆的梦想已经实现。【形容词作表语】
5、定语：修饰名词或代词的成分，除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语都可以作定语。EG：
After years of hard work,his career began to take.
多年的努力工作之后，他的事业开始腾飞。【形容词作定语】
Are these students your classmates? 这些学生是你班的吗？【形容词性物主代词作定语】
Winter is the coldest season of the year.冬天是一年中最冷的季节。【介词短语作定语】
The building to be built next year will be our new teaching building.
明年将要修建的建筑物将是我们的新教学楼。【不定式作定语】
The people here are very friendly.这里的人们非常友好。【副词作定语】
注意：单个形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。
6、状语: 修饰动词、形容词、副词，或修饰全句的成分叫状语。作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。EG：
Jack runs very fast. 杰克跑得很快。【副词作状语】
All these clothes are made by hand.shua。所有的这些衣服都是手工制作的。
She will arrive in Shanghaion Friday. 她将于星期五到达上海。【介词短语作状语】
To pass the weekly test, he is studying very hard. 为了通过周考，他正在努力学习。
7、宾语补足语: 有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个成分来说明宾语的情况，意思才能够完整，这个成分叫宾语补足语。宾语和补足语构成复合宾语。EG:
They always call me Lao Yang.
You must keep the roomclean and tidy.
Mr. Yang invited me to visit his new house in Huaihua.
I hadmy old housepaintedlast week.
We found the girls in our classplaying gameson the playground ten minutes ago.
一个句子有时不足以表达完整的意义，需要再添加一个成分用来补充说明主语的状态，特征和性质，这个成分就是主语补足语。常用来做补语的成分有形容词，名词，数词，不定式，分词和介词短语。
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
宾语补足语所在句子变成了被动语态后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。
I saw the kite up and down.（up and down是副词做宾补）
The kite was seen up and down.up and down是副词做主补）
同位语对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释和补充，说明它指的是谁、或者是什么。
同位语大多数时候由名词来充当，形容词、代词、数词和从句也可以作同位语。
You children must learn to say please and thank you.
I heard the news that our team had won.
考点对练1：指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 宾语
2.Betty plantedmany trees and flowerson her farm 谓语
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表语
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week? 状语
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 定语
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 状语
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 宾语补足语
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ringon her birthday. 双宾语
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语（系动词）
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构
简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子。简单句分为5种基本句型：
例1：My little sister can swim very well. 我妹妹游泳游得很好。
例2：The planehas already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。
例3：The poor passengers on the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg.
例4：The company makes films . 这家公司制作电影。
例5：Stanley bought a flat last year. Stanley去年买了套公寓。
例6：My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。
例7：She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。
例8：The cake tastes very yummy. 这蛋糕尝起来很美味。
4．主语＋谓语＋双宾语（主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）
例9：My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。
例10：Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？
例11：Will you tell us something about your school life?
5．主语＋谓语＋复合宾语（主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋补语）
例12：We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。
例13：My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.
例14：I heard her singing happily in the room just now.
1.Plants need water and sun. 主+ 谓+宾
2.The flowersare so fresh and beautiful. 主 + 系 + 表
3.The sun rises in the east. 主 + 谓
4.He gave me some flowers. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓
7.Her mother looks very young. 主 + 系 + 表
8.She teaches us English. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily. 主 + 谓
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
11. He often tells me some interesting stories. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
1、在语法填空题中，要注意分析句子成分，方能判断空格中应该填什么词性。
2、在阅读英语文章遇到长句难句时，要不断培养分析句子成分，抓住句子的主干部分（主谓宾），方能理解好句子含义。
（一）、划出下列高考真题中的句子的主()谓()宾/表语()
1.The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night.【来自2021年新高考I卷】
2.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
to decimate a large part of these resources.【来自2021年新高考I卷】
3.Under this Act, all waterfowl（水禽）hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carrya Federal Duck Stamp.【来自2021年新高考I卷】
翻译：根据该法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭邮票。
4.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.【来自2021年新高考I卷】 从句作宾语（宾语从句）
5.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients. 【来自2021年新高考I卷】
翻译：准确理解他人的感受的能力可能会被医生用来找到如何最好地帮助她的病人。
解析：要理解好这句话还要理解好句式“be used to do sth ”的含义，句式表示“被用来做某事”。
6.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond. 【来自2021年全国甲卷】 【此句是主系表结构】
翻译：《采取一个观点》对于所有来者的英国和其他地区的摄影师是一个让人渴慕的年度竞争。
解析：此句是省略句：beyond 后面省略了 all corners of the UK.
7.Officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are
known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养). 【来自2021年全国甲卷】
翻译：林普恩港的官员们对新到来的到来感到高兴，尤其是因为黑犀牛以圈养繁殖（圈养）而闻名。
8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place.【来自2021年全国甲卷】 主语 谓语 介词短语作表语
翻译：没有我心爱的海滩和无尽的蓝天，我感到不知所措和不自在。
解析：without.......一部分是介词短语作状语
9.Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.【来自2021年全国甲卷】
翻译：南岸位于泰晤士河东部的一个拐弯处，是英国滑板运动的中心，滑板运动的不断碰撞让你会摇头。
解析：此句主干是主系表结构。Where引导的是非限制性定语从句补充说明the center. 而at an eastern bend in the Thames部分是作主语补足语，补充说明Southbank的地理位置。
10.I have traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring.【来自2021年全国甲卷】
解析：此句是主谓结构，没有宾语，因为travel是不及物动词。
（注意分析空格处所充当的句子成分）【来自2021年新高考I卷】
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”.56is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will
58(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60(astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 64(I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!
56. What 句意：这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。此处是主语从句，从句缺乏主语，应用what引导，指代“经历的事情”。故填What。
57. humans 句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。
58. undoubtedly 句意：它无疑会帮助你恢复精神！修饰动词help，应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”，作状语。故填undoubtedly。
59. hotter 句意：关于黄山温泉让人惊讶的是，气温越低，温泉越暖和。此处是固定结构“the +比较级，the+比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填hotter，在句中作表语，与the colder并列。
60. astonished 句意：但大自然就是这样—总是让我们惊讶。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾语us的感受，应用-ed结尾形容词。故填astonished。
61. was 句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知，“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语，it是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动词用单数形式，安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填was。
62. and 句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知，“highlights the whole adventure”与“offers a place”部分为并列关系，都是作it的谓语，故用并列连词and。
63. aching 句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子及语境可知，此处应用形容词aching“疼痛的”修饰名词legs，作定语，意为“疼痛的双腿”。故填aching。
64. mine 句意：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而曲折的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。对我来说确实如此。根据前一句“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”可知，本句为does指代前一句的stick，本句缺乏宾语，应用名词性物主代词mine指代my memory。故填mine。
65. a句意：当你在中国的时候，黄山是一个你一定要去的地方。must作名词时，意为“绝对必要的事物”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”，应用不定冠词，must是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。
